Prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in 145 intensive care units of 9 Latin American countries: INICC findings.

PURPOSE: Identify urinary catheter (UC)-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) incidence and risk factors (RF) in Latin American Countries. METHODS: From 01/01/2014 to 02/10/2022, we conducted a prospective cohort study in 145 ICUs of 67 hospitals in 35 cities in nine Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. To estimate CAUTI incidence, we used the number of UC-days as the denominator, and the number of CAUTIs as numerator. To estimate CAUTI RFs, we analyzed the following 10 variables using multiple logistic regression: gender, age, length of stay (LOS) before CAUTI acquisition, UC-days before CAUTI acquisition, UC-device utilization (DU) ratio, UC-type, hospitalizationtype, ICU type, facility ownership, and time period. RESULTS: 31,631 patients, hospitalized for 214,669 patient-days, acquired 305 CAUTIs. The pooled CAUTI rate per 1000 UC-days was 2.58, for those using suprapubic catheters, it was 2.99, and for those with indwelling catheters, it was 2.21. The following variables were independently associated with CAUTI: age, rising risk 1% yearly (aOR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.01-1.02; p < 0.0001 female gender (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.01-1.61; p = 0.04), LOS before CAUTI acquisition, rising risk 7% daily (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.06-1.08; p < 0.0001, UC/DU ratio (aOR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001, public facilities (aOR = 2.89; 95% CI 1.75-4.49; p < 0.0001. The periods 2014-2016 and 2017-2019 had significantly higher risks than the period 2020-2022. Suprapubic catheters showed similar risks as indwelling catheters. CONCLUSION: The following CAUTI RFs are unlikely to change: age, gender, hospitalization type, and facility ownership. Based on these findings, it is suggested to focus on reducing LOS, UC/DU ratio, and implementing evidence-based CAUTI prevention recommendations.

Multinational prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors for central line-associated bloodstream infections in ICUs of 8 Latin American countries.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to identify central line (CL)-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) rates and risk factors in Latin-America. METHODS: From January 1, 2014 to February 10, 2022, we conducted a multinational multicenter prospective cohort study in 58 ICUs of 34 hospitals in 21 cities in 8 Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama). We applied multiple-logistic regression. Outcomes are shown as adjusted-odds ratios (aOR). RESULTS: About 29,385 patients were hospitalized during 92,956 days, acquired 400 CLABSIs, and pooled CLABSI rate was 4.30 CLABSIs per 1,000 CL-days. We analyzed following 10 variables: Gender, age, length of stay (LOS) before CLABSI acquisition, CL-days before CLABSI acquisition, CL-device utilization (DU) ratio, CL-type, tracheostomy use, hospitalization type, intensive care unit (ICU) type, and facility ownership, Following variables were independently associated with CLABSI: LOS before CLABSI acquisition, rising risk 3% daily (aOR=1.03;95%CI=1.02-1.04; P < .0001); number of CL-days before CLABSI acquisition, rising risk 4% per CL-day (aOR=1.04;95%CI=1.03-1.05; P < .0001); publicly-owned facility (aOR=2.33;95%CI=1.79-3.02; P < .0001). ICU with highest risk was medical-surgical (aOR=2.61;95%CI=1.41-4.81; P < .0001). CL with the highest risk were femoral (aOR=2.71;95%CI=1.61-4.55; P < .0001), and internal-jugular (aOR=2.62;95%CI=1.82-3.79; P < .0001). PICC (aOR=1.25;95%CI=0.63-2.51; P = .52) was not associated with CLABSI risk. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings it is suggested to focus on reducing LOS, CL-days, using PICC instead of femoral or internal-jugular; and implementing evidence-based CLABSI prevention recommendations.

High-touch surfaces disinfection compliance in a COVID-19 intensive care unit.

Environmental cleaning and disinfection are fundamental health care-associated infection prevention measures. This study aimed to evaluate the disinfection compliance of high-touch surfaces in a COVID-19-only intensive care unit, using a fluorescent marker. It was divided into 3 phases, baseline assessment, educational feedback, and post feedback. Disinfection compliance improved significantly from the first to the third phase, 14.3% to 51.4% (P < .001), respectively.

Prognosis of patients with heart disease with acute kidney injury undergoing dialysis treatment.

OBJECTIVES: to verify the relationship of cardiovascular diseases with acute kidney injury and assess the prognosis of patients in renal replacement therapy. METHODS: a cohort study, carried out in a public hospital specialized in cardiology. Treatment, comorbidities, duration of treatment, laboratory tests, discharge and deaths were analyzed. RESULTS: of the 101 patients, 75 (74.3%) received non-dialysis treatment. The most frequent cardiological diagnoses were hypertension, cardiomyopathies and coronary syndrome. Hospitalization in patients undergoing dialysis was 18 days, hemoglobin <10.5g/dl and anuria in the first days of hospitalization contributed to the type of treatment. Each increase in hemoglobin units from the first day of hospitalization decreases the chance of dialysis by 19.2%. There was no difference in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: the main cardiological diseases were not predictive of dialysis indication, and clinical treatment was the most frequent. Anuria and anemia were predictors for dialysis treatment.

Multinational Prospective Cohort Study of Mortality Risk Factors in 198 ICUs of 12 Latin American Countries over 24 Years: The Effects of Healthcare-Associated Infections.

BACKGROUND: The International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) has found a high ICU mortality rate in Latin America. METHODS: A prospective cohort study in 198 ICUs of 96 hospitals in 46 cities in 12 Latin American countries to identify mortality risk factors (RF), and data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Between 07/01/1998 and 02/12/2022, 71,685 patients, followed during 652,167 patient-days, acquired 4700 HAIs, and 10,890 died. We prospectively collected data of 16 variables. Following 11 independent mortality RFs were identified in multiple logistic regression: ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) acquisition (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.06-1.30; p < 0.0001); catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) acquisition (aOR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.15-1.56; p < 0.0001); older age, rising risk 2% yearly (aOR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.02; p < 0.0001); longer indwelling central line(CL)-days, rising risk 3% daily (aOR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02-1.03; p < 0.0001); longer indwelling urinary catheter(UC)-days, rising risk 1% daily (aOR = 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01-1.26; p < 0.0001); higher mechanical ventilation (MV) (aOR = 6.47; 95% CI: 5.96-7.03; p < 0.0001) and urinary catheter-utilization ratio (aOR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.11-1.27; p < 0.0001); lower-middle level income country (aOR = 2.94; 95% CI: 2.10-4.12; p < 0.0001); private (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.27-1.77; p < 0.0001) or public hospital (aOR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.24-1.74; p < 0.0001) compared with university hospitals; medical hospitalization instead of surgical (aOR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.59-1.75; p < 0.0001); neurologic ICU (aOR = 4.48; 95% CI: 2.68-7.50; p < 0.0001); adult oncology ICU (aOR = 3.48; 95% CI: 2.14-5.65; p < 0.0001); and others. CONCLUSION: Some of the identified mortality RFs are unlikely to change, such as the income level of the country, facility ownership, hospitalization type, ICU type, and age. But some of the mortality RFs we found can be changed, and efforts should be made to reduce CL-days, UC-days, MV-utilization ratio, UC-utilization ratio, and lower VAPs and CAUTI rates.

Prognosis of patients with heart disease with acute kidney injury undergoing dialysis treatment / Pronóstico de los pacientes con cardiopatías con insuficiencia renal aguda en tratamiento de diálisis / Prognóstico de pacientes cardiopatas com injuria renal aguda submetidos a tratamento dialítico

ABSTRACT Objectives: to verify the relationship of cardiovascular diseases with acute kidney injury and assess the prognosis of patients in renal replacement therapy. Methods: a cohort study, carried out in a public hospital specialized in cardiology. Treatment, comorbidities, duration of treatment, laboratory tests, discharge and deaths were analyzed. Results: of the 101 patients, 75 (74.3%) received non-dialysis treatment. The most frequent cardiological diagnoses were hypertension, cardiomyopathies and coronary syndrome. Hospitalization in patients undergoing dialysis was 18 days, hemoglobin <10.5g/dl and anuria in the first days of hospitalization contributed to the type of treatment. Each increase in hemoglobin units from the first day of hospitalization decreases the chance of dialysis by 19.2%. There was no difference in mortality. Conclusions: the main cardiological diseases were not predictive of dialysis indication, and clinical treatment was the most frequent. Anuria and anemia were predictors for dialysis treatment.

RESUMEN Objetivos: verificar la relación de las patologías cardíacas con la insuficiencia renal aguda y evaluar el pronóstico del paciente en terapia de reemplazo renal. Métodos: estudio de cohorte, realizado en un hospital público especializado en cardiología. Se analizó el tratamiento, las comorbilidades, la duración del tratamiento, los exámenes de laboratorio, el alta y las muertes. Resultados: de los 101 pacientes, 75 (74,3%) recibieron tratamiento no dialítico. Los diagnósticos cardiológicos más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial, miocardiopatías y síndrome coronario. La hospitalización en pacientes en diálisis fue de 18 días, la hemoglobina <10,5 g/dl y la anuria en los primeros días de hospitalización contribuyeron al tipo de tratamiento. Cada aumento de unidades de hemoglobina desde el primer día de hospitalización disminuye la posibilidad de diálisis en un 19,2%. No hubo diferencia en la mortalidad. Conclusiones: las principales enfermedades cardiológicas no fueron predictoras de indicación de diálisis, siendo el tratamiento clínico el más frecuente. La anuria y la anemia fueron predictores para el tratamiento de diálisis.

RESUMO Objetivos: verificar a relação de patologias cardíacas com injuria renal aguda e avaliar o prognóstico do paciente em terapia de substituição renal. Métodos: estudo de coorte, realizado em hospital público especializado em cardiologia. O tratamento, comorbidades, tempo de tratamento, exames laboratoriais, alta e óbitos foram analisados. Resultados: dos 101 pacientes, 75 (74,3%) receberam tratamento não dialítico. Os diagnósticos cardiológicos mais frequentes foram hipertensão arterial, miocardiopatias e síndrome coronariana. A internação nos pacientes dialíticos foi de 18 dias, a hemoglobina <10,5g/dl e a anuria nos primeiros dias de internação contribuíram para o tipo de tratamento. Cada aumento de unidade de hemoglobina a partir do primeiro dia de internação diminui em 19,2% a chance de diálise. Não houve diferença na mortalidade. Conclusões: as principais doenças cardiológicas não foram preditivas de indicação de diálise, e o tratamento clínico foi o mais frequente. Anuria e anemia foram preditores para o tratamento dialítico.

Impact of In-Hospital infection with SARS-CoV-2 among Inpatients at a university hospital.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of nosocomial infection and the impact of cross-transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among inpatients at a tertiary care teaching hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study involving inpatients admitted to a tertiary university hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, between March 2020 and February 2021. Cases were identified on the basis of a positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction result for SARS-CoV-2 and the review of electronic medical records. Nosocomial transmission was defined by applying the criteria established by the Brazilian National Health Regulatory Agency. RESULTS: We identified 2146 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 185 (8.6%) of which were considered cases of nosocomial transmission. The mean age was 58.3 years. The incidence density was 1.78 cases per 1,000 patient-days on the general wards, being highest on the cardiac surgery ward, and only 0.16 per 1,000 patient-days on the COVID-19 wards. Of the 185 patients evaluated, 115 (62.2%) were men, 150 (81.1%) cases had at least one comorbidity, and 104 (56.2%) evolved to death. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the preventive measures taken, nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurred throughout our hospital. Such measures should be intensified when the incidence of community transmission peaks.

Risk factors for colonization and infection by resistant microorganisms in kidney transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the prevalence of colonization and infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients undergoing kidney transplantation and identify the rate of infection, morbidity and mortality and associated risk factors. METHODS: a prospective cohort of 200 randomly included kidney transplant recipients. Epidemiological surveillance of the studied microorganisms was carried out in the first 24 hours and 7 days after transplantation. RESULTS: ninety (45%) patients were considered colonized. Female sex, hypertension and diabetes (p<0.005), dialysis time (p<0.004), length of stay after transplantation, delayed renal function, and length of stay were identified as risk factors. The microorganisms were isolated from surgical site, bloodstream and urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: colonization by resistant microorganisms in kidney transplant patients was frequent and risk factors associated with infection were identified. The results should guide the care team in order to minimize morbidity and mortality related to infectious causes in this population.

An eight-year multicenter study on short-term peripheral intravenous catheter-related bloodstream infection rates in 100 intensive care units of 9 countries in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela. Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC).

BACKGROUND: Data on short-term peripheral intravenous catheter-related bloodstream infections per 1,000 peripheral venous catheter days (PIVCR BSIs per 1,000 PVC days) rates from Latin America are not available, so they have not been thoroughly studied. METHODS: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) members conducted a prospective, surveillance study on PIVCR BSIs from January 2010 to March 2018 in 100 intensive care units (ICUs) among 41 hospitals, in 26 cities of 9 countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican-Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Health Safety Network (NHSN) definitions were applied, and INICC methodology and INICC Surveillance Online System software were used. RESULTS: In total, 10,120 ICU patients were followed for 40,078 bed days and 38,262 PVC days. In addition, 79 PIVCR BSIs were identified, with a rate of 2.06 per 1,000 PVC days (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.635-2.257). The average length of stay (ALOS) of patients without a PIVCR BSI was 3.95 days, and the ALOS was 5.29 days for patients with a PIVCR BSI. The crude extra ALOS was 1.34 days (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.0975-1.6351; P = .040).The mortality rate in patients without PIVCR BSI was 3.67%, and this rate was 6.33% in patients with a PIVCR BSI. The crude extra mortality was 1.70 times higher. The microorganism profile showed 48.5% gram-positive bacteria (coagulase-negative Staphylococci 25.7%) and 48.5% gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter spp, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp (8.5% each one), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.7%), and Candida spp (2.8%). The resistances of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0% to amikacin and 50% to meropenem. The resistance of Acinetobacter baumanii to amikacin was 0%, and the resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus to oxacillin was 75%. CONCLUSIONS: Our PIVCR BSI rates were higher than rates from more economically developed countries and were similar to those of countries with limited resources.

Risk factors for colonization and infection by resistant microorganisms in kidney transplant recipients / Factores de riesgo de colonización e infección por microorganismos resistentes en receptores de trasplante renal / Fatores de risco para colonização e infecção por microrganismos resistentes em transplantados renais

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the prevalence of colonization and infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients undergoing kidney transplantation and identify the rate of infection, morbidity and mortality and associated risk factors. Methods: a prospective cohort of 200 randomly included kidney transplant recipients. Epidemiological surveillance of the studied microorganisms was carried out in the first 24 hours and 7 days after transplantation. Results: ninety (45%) patients were considered colonized. Female sex, hypertension and diabetes (p<0.005), dialysis time (p<0.004), length of stay after transplantation, delayed renal function, and length of stay were identified as risk factors. The microorganisms were isolated from surgical site, bloodstream and urinary tract infections. Conclusions: colonization by resistant microorganisms in kidney transplant patients was frequent and risk factors associated with infection were identified. The results should guide the care team in order to minimize morbidity and mortality related to infectious causes in this population.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la prevalencia de colonización e infección por bacterias multirresistentes en pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal, identificar la tasa de infección, morbimortalidad y factores de riesgo asociados. Métodos: cohorte prospectiva de 200 receptores de trasplante renal incluidos aleatoriamente. La vigilancia epidemiológica de los microorganismos estudiados se realizó en las primeras 24 horas y 7 días posteriores al trasplante. Resultados: noventa (45%) pacientes fueron considerados colonizados. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo: sexo femenino, hipertensión y diabetes (p<0,005), tiempo en diálisis (p<0,004), tiempo de estancia después del trasplante, función renal retrasada, tiempo de estancia. Los microorganismos se aislaron de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico, del torrente sanguíneo y del tracto urinario. Conclusiones: la colonización por microorganismos resistentes en pacientes con trasplante renal fue frecuente y se identificaron factores de riesgo asociados a infección. Los resultados deben orientar al equipo asistencial para minimizar la morbimortalidad relacionada con causas infecciosas en esta población.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência de colonização e infecção por bactéria multirresistente em pacientes em transplante renal, identificar a taxa de infecção, morbimortalidade e os fatores de risco associados. Métodos: coorte prospectivo de 200 transplantados renais incluídos aleatoriamente. Realizou-se vigilância epidemiológica dos microrganismos em estudo nas primeiras 24 horas e 7 dias pós-transplante. Resultados: noventa (45%) pacientes foram considerados colonizados. Identificaram-se como fatores de risco: sexo feminino, hipertensão arterial e diabetes (p<0,005), tempo de diálise (p<0,004), tempo de internação pós-transplante, função renal retardada, tempo de internação. Os microrganismos foram isolados das infecções em sítio cirúrgico, corrente sanguínea e trato urinário. Conclusões: a colonização por microrganismos resistentes nos pacientes transplantados renais foi frequente e os fatores de riscos associados à infecção foram identificados. Os resultados devem direcionar a equipe assistencial, a fim de minimizar a morbimortalidade relacionada às causas infecciosas nesta população.

Compliance to empirical contact precautions for multidrug-resistant microorganisms.

Health care-associated infections impact patient morbidity and mortality, and institutions adopt evidence-based measures to prevent and control such infections. In this study, professionals were observed during patient care under empirical contact precautions. A total of 243 observations were performed in which 39.5% complied with all measures. The positivity rate of surveillance cultures was 38.36%, and adherence to the measures in patients with colonization was 43.1%.

Quality of life of institutionalized aged with and without symptoms of depression.

OBJECTIVE: compare the quality of life (QOL) of aged residents in homes for aged people with or without symptoms of depression, and identify social, physical activity; leisure; health and basic activities of daily living (ADL) variables that correlate with QOL scores. METHOD: cross-sectional study conducted with 101 institutionalized aged. Multiple linear regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS: symptoms of depression changed negatively the QOL in the domains: autonomy; present, past and future activities; social participation; intimacy and total score. Dependent aged presented lower QOL for the performance of ADL in the domains: autonomy; social participation and total score; dancing without limitation of movement; liking the residential and not presenting symptoms of depression were the variables that positively influenced the QOL of the aged. CONCLUSION: social and psychological support, good living conditions and stimulating assistance can improve the QOL of institutionalized elderlies.

Hepatitis B and Delta: clinical aspects of patients in the Brazilian Western Amazonia / Hepatitis B y Delta: aspectos clínicos de pacientes en el Amazonas brasileño Occidental / Hepatite B e Delta: aspectos clínicos de pacientes na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze clinical, serological, biochemical and hematological aspects in patients infected with the hepatitis B (HBV) and Delta (HDV) viruses. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study, performed with patients chronically infected with HBV and superinfected with HDV. Results: among the 112 patients selected, 74% were monoinfected with HBV (Group HBV) and 26% were superinfected with HDV (Group HBV+HDV). There was no difference in gender distribution. The average age was 36 years with standard deviation of ±12 years. The symptoms and signs presented a higher proportion in Group HBV+HDV (p=0.001). In both groups, most patients had non-reactive AgHBe. The records of biochemical and hematologic changes showed highest proportion in Group VHB+VHD Group (p<0.05). Conclusion: the study found that patients were in clinical stages of the disease different from those in the initial examination for monitoring their chronic condition. The clinical profile suggests greater severity of liver disease among the patients superinfected with HDV.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los aspectos clínicos, serológicos, bioquímicos y hematológicos de pacientes infectados por el virus de las hepatitis B (VHB) y Delta (VHD). Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo, retrospectivo, realizado entre pacientes crónicos infectados de VHB y sobre infectados de VHD. Resultados: Entre los 112 pacientes seleccionados, el 74% estaba mono infectado por VHB (Grupo VHB) y el 26%, sobre infectado por VHD (Grupo VHB+VHD). No se encontró diferencia en la distribución por género. La edad promedio era 36 años, con desviación típica de ±12 años. Los síntomas y signos sobresalían en mayor proporción en el grupo VHB+VHD (p=0,001). Para ambos grupos, la mayoría de los pacientes estaba con AgHBe no reactivo. El registro de alteraciones bioquímicas y hematológicas atribuyó proporción más grande al grupo VHB+VHD (p<0,05). Conclusión: El estudio demostró que los pacientes, en la consulta inicial para el seguimiento de la condición crónica, estaban en diferentes estadios clínicos de la enfermedad. El perfil clínico sugiere que la gravedad de la enfermedad hepática es mayor entre pacientes sobre infectados de VHD.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar aspectos clínicos, sorológicos, bioquímicos e hematológicos entre pacientes infectados por vírus das hepatites B (VHB) e Delta (VHD). Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo, retrospectivo, realizado com pacientes cronicamente infectados por VHB e superinfectados por VHD. Resultados: Entre os 112 pacientes selecionados, 74% estavam monoinfectados por VHB (Grupo VHB) e 26% superinfectados por VHD (Grupo VHB+VHD). Não houve diferença na distribuição por gênero. A idade média foi de 36 anos, com desvio padrão de ±12 anos. Os sintomas e sinais apresentaram maior proporção no grupo VHB+VHD (p=0,001). Para ambos os grupos, a maioria dos pacientes estava com AgHBe não reagente. O registro de alterações bioquímicas e hematológicas apresentou maior proporção no grupo VHB+VHD (p<0,05). Conclusão: O estudo revelou que os pacientes estavam em diferentes estágios clínicos da doença na consulta inicial para acompanhamento de condição crônica. O perfil clínico sugere maior gravidade da doença hepática entre os pacientes superinfectados por VHD.

Hepatitis B and Delta: clinical aspects of patients in the Brazilian Western Amazonia.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze clinical, serological, biochemical and hematological aspects in patients infected with the hepatitis B (HBV) and Delta (HDV) viruses. METHOD: cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study, performed with patients chronically infected with HBV and superinfected with HDV. RESULTS: among the 112 patients selected, 74% were monoinfected with HBV (Group HBV) and 26% were superinfected with HDV (Group HBV+HDV). There was no difference in gender distribution. The average age was 36 years with standard deviation of ±12 years. The symptoms and signs presented a higher proportion in Group HBV+HDV (p=0.001). In both groups, most patients had non-reactive AgHBe. The records of biochemical and hematologic changes showed highest proportion in Group VHB+VHD Group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: the study found that patients were in clinical stages of the disease different from those in the initial examination for monitoring their chronic condition. The clinical profile suggests greater severity of liver disease among the patients superinfected with HDV.

Infection related to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase in renal transplant patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors related to Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase infection after renal transplantation. METHODS: This was a retrospective epidemiological (case-control) study, conducted from October 2011 to march 2016. Transplanted patients with infection by this bacteria during hospitalization were selected as cases. The controls were paired by age, sex, type of donor and transplant time. The proportion of cases and controls was 1:2. RESULTS: Thirty hundred and five patients were included in the study (45 cases and 90 controls). The risk factors found for infection by KPC were: time of hospitalization after the transplant (OR: 4.82; CI95% 2.46-9.44), delayed kidney function (OR: 5.60; CI95% 1.91-11.01) and previous infectious for another microorganism ( OR: 34.13 CI95% 3.52-132.00). CONCLUSION: The risk of acquisition of this bacterium was directly related to invasive procedures and exposure to the hospital environment. The findings reinforce the importance of prevention measures and control of infection by this microorganism.

Infection related to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase in renal transplant patients / Infección relacionada con Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa en pacientes trasplantados renales

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the risk factors related to Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase infection after renal transplantation. Methods: This was a retrospective epidemiological (case-control) study, conducted from October 2011 to march 2016. Transplanted patients with infection by this bacteria during hospitalization were selected as cases. The controls were paired by age, sex, type of donor and transplant time. The proportion of cases and controls was 1:2. Results: Thirty hundred and five patients were included in the study (45 cases and 90 controls). The risk factors found for infection by KPC were: time of hospitalization after the transplant (OR: 4.82; CI95% 2.46-9.44), delayed kidney function (OR: 5.60; CI95% 1.91-11.01) and previous infectious for another microorganism ( OR: 34.13 CI95% 3.52-132.00). Conclusion: The risk of acquisition of this bacterium was directly related to invasive procedures and exposure to the hospital environment. The findings reinforce the importance of prevention measures and control of infection by this microorganism.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la infección por Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemasa después del trasplante renal. Método: Estudio retrospectivo epidemiológico (caso-control), realizado de octubre de 2011 a marzo de 2016. Pacientes transplantados con infección por esa bacteria durante la internación fueron seleccionados como casos. Los controles se parearon por edad, sexo, tipo de donante y tiempo de trasplante. La proporción de casos y controles fue de 1: 2. Resultados: Treinta y cinco pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio (45 casos y 90 controles). Los factores de riesgo para la infección encontrados por KPC fueron: tiempo de hospitalización después del trasplante (OR: 4,82, IC95% 2,46-9,44), función renal retardada (OR: 5,60, IC95% 1, 91-11,01) y anterior infecciosa para otro microorganismo (OR: 34,13 IC95% 3,52-132,00). Conclusión: El riesgo de adquisición de esta bacteria estuvo directamente relacionado a procedimientos invasivos y exposición al ambiente hospitalario. Los hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de medidas de prevención y control de la infección por ese microorganismo.

Strategies for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: to identify studies about strategies for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia deployed in health services and classify their level of evidence. METHOD: integrative review of the literature, in 7 databases, which included the following descriptors: Prevention and Control AND Pneumonia Ventilator-Associated AND Intensive Care Units AND Bundle AND Patient Care. RESULTS: twenty-three scientific productions were included. Of the preventive measures identified, 9 (39.1%) correspond from three to five strategies. The most frequent were: 22 (95.6%) lying with head elevated, 19 (82.6%) oral hygiene with chlorhexidine and 14 (60.8%) reduction of sedation whenever possible. FINAL CONSIDERATION: the application of measures based on scientific evidence is proven to be effective when carried out in conjunction, impacting the reduction of the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.